  A Brief History of Hackerdom
  Eric S. Raymond, esr@snark.thyrsus.com
  6 October 1997
  JG, jeanne@mbox.kyoto-inet.or.jp
  27 October 1997

  nbJ[̍j

  1.  v[OF^̃vO}

  n߂ɁA^̃vO}B

  ނ͎ǂȌĂіłĂ΂ȂBނ͎"nbJ["Ƃ
  邢͓ɉ҂łƂ̂ȂB'^̃vO}'ƂĂі
  1980Nȍ~܂ł͂ȂB 1945Nȍ~ARs[^ZṕAE
  ȂčłNGCeBuȐlX̐S𑨂B Eckert &
  Mauchly  ENIAC (``1'') ȍ~AꏭȂMIȃvO}Bɂ
  鎩ӎ̋ZpBނ͊y݂Ƃă\tgEFA쐬
  AslXłB

  ^̃vO}Ƃ̂͊TčHw╨w̏ogBނ͔C
  Ƀ|GXẽVcAlN^CɕዾāA@BAZu
  A FORTRAN ƍYꂳꂽ_[X̌ÓTŕĂ
  Bނ炪nbJ[̍̐҂łAnbJ[̗̍jȑOɂ͂قƂ
  ǒڂ邱Ƃ̂ȂłB

  񎟐ȄI肩 1970 N̎nߍA̓ob`}Vg
  łA``ōŒȃRs[^''̃Ct
  [̎ɂ́A^̃vO}Rs[^xzĂBL
   Mel ̓` (``2'') (Jargon File Ɏ^Ă)A}[tB̖@
  ̂܂܂ȃXgAẴRs[^łĂ邢
  񂿂hCc``Blinkenlights' (``3'') ̃|X^[܂߂āA̎^̂
  ƂɂȂnbJ[̓`̈ꕔ͂̎ォn܂B

  ꂽ_ŁA܂CŊ􂵂Ă҂BX[p[Rs[
  ^ Cray V[Y (``4'') ̐݌v҂ł Seymour Cray ɂ́AĎ
  ̐݌vRs[^gOXCb`Ŏ͂Ƃ`BW
  iŁAЂƂ̃G[ȂB^̃vO}Ƃ͍ōɒj炵
  B

  uThe Devil's DP Dictionaryv(McGraw-Hill, 1981, ISBN 0-07-034022-6)
  ̒҂ŕςȂ̂̏NWƂł Stan Kelly-Bootle  1948 NɁA
  vOǂݍłƎgƂoŏ̃fW^Rs[
  ^ Manchester Mark I ŃvOsBŋ߂ł͔ނ͂΂΃R
  s[^GɋZpl^̊yRĂB̃Rł͍
  nbJ[Ɋւܒ~[eΘb`ŌĂB

  ̑ADavid E. Lundstrom ̂悤ȐĺA̍ (uA few Good Men
  From UNIVACv, 1987,ISBN-0-262-62075-8).̈bɕx񂾗jĂ
  B

  (-- ()Eckert & Mauchly's ENIACF ENIAC yVojAwō
  Eŏ̐^ǎdqvZ@B ENIAC 1946NɊB --)

  (-- ()story of MelF Ed Nather  1983N521 USENET Ƀ|Xg
  Bu^̃vO} Mel ̕v́unbJ[Y厫Tv(AXL[o
  )unbJ[̓`v (535)QƂĂB--)

  (-- ()BlinkenlightsFRs[^AƂɋ̃tgplɂ
  ffvɏĂӏB(nbJ[Y厫T95)񂿂ȃh
  CcŏĂ̂ŁAB--)

  (-- () the Cray lineF Seymour Cray ̓NCT[`Ђ̋n
  ̂ЂƂłARs[^݌vҁBNCЂ̐݌vX[p[Rs
  [^ɂ́A Seymour Cray ̖OɗR cray V[YB--)
  2.  t̃nbJ[

  TCglbg[N̑݌𗬂NƂɂȂBXmĂ
  悤ȃnbJ[̍́A悭 1961 NɎn܂B̔N MIT ŏ
   PDP-1 肵BMIT  Tech Model Railroad Club  Power and
  Signals Group ͋Cɓ̂̂悤Ȃ̂ƂẴ}V̗p
  BāAV炽ɔvO~Oc[pAĊS
  Ȏӕ͍łX̎ɎcĂB̂悤ȏ̎̂
   Steven Levy ̖{ Hackers (Anchor/Doubleday 1984, ISBN
  0-385-19195-2) ̍ŏ̕ōl@ĂB

  MIT ̃Rs[^ŏ 'nbJ['Ƃtꂽ悤
  BTMRC ̃nbJ[ MIT  lHm\ (Artificial
  Intelligence Laboratory)̒SƂȂA1980N㏉ɂ AI ɂ
  E̒SZ^[ɂȂBɔނ̉e 1969 NAȂ킿
  ARPANET ̂͂܂NL͈͂ɉnɂ܂ōL܂B

  ARPANET ͏߂Ă̑嗤f́ARs[^lbg[NB
  ̓fW^R~jP[VɂƂčh(the Defense
  Department)ɂč\zꂽAS̑wƖhq{݂Č
  Ɍő傫ȂBÔȂxƏ_AƂi
  ߁AZpIi̕Ƌł̗}ɑ̂ŁAǂł
  ̌\ɂȂB

   ARPANET ͂ɕʂ̂ƂsBARPANET ̓dqIȍH
  AJɎU΂ĂnbJ[݂ɏo킹AՊEԂɒB
  B̒Zȃ[JꂼɔWȂǗ
  ȃO[v̂܂܂łAނ͎glbg[Nꂽ푰
  ł邱ƂɋC̂ł(邢͍Ĕ)B

  nbJ[̍ł͂߂Ă̈Ӑ}IɍꂽiAȂ킿A߂ẴX
  OWA߂Ă̕hWAnbJ[ϗɂĂ̏߂Ă̎oIȋc_ȂǁA
  ׂĂ̂̂̏̎ ARPANET œ`B(dvȗƂ
  āA Jorgon File ̏ł 1973 N̓tB nbJ[̍̓lbg
  ɐڑwAƂ킯Rs[^Ȋw(ł΂łȂ)Ő
  B

  IɁAMIT ̐lm\ AI Lab  1960 N̏I荠瓯
  ̂̂Ȃł͈ԏdvBX^tH[h Stanford w̐lH
  m\ Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (̂)J[lM[
  w Carnegie-Mellon University dvȂ̂ɂȂB炷ׂĂ
  Rs[^TCGX AI ̒SƂĔɉh ׂĂ̂ƂZ
  pƎ푰̃x̗ɊւănbJ[̍Ɉ̑ȍvDGȐl
  ЂB

  ÂɋNƂׂĂ𗝉ɂ́AX̓Rs[^
  ̂ɂĂقȂ鎋_lKvBȂȂA̋
  v̓Rs[^gZp̕ωɉe󂯂Ă邩łB

  PDP-1 ̎ȗAnbJ[̍̐ Digital Equipment Corporation
  ̃~jRs[^ PDP V[YƂƂɕłBDEC ͏pIȑΘb
  ^Rs[^ƃ^CVFAOIy[eBOVXe؂J
  BDEC ̃}V͎RxAp[AΓIɈ
  B̑wł͂wB

  ȃ^CVFAO̓nbJ[̕Ő̂ƂȂA
  ARPANET ̑Ԃ̂قǂ́A DEC }V̏̃lbg[N
  B̂ōłdvȂ̂ 1967NɎn߂ă[Xꂽ PDP-10
  łBPDP-10  15 NقǃnbJ[̍̌pB}VƂĎcB
  TOPS-10 (̃}Vɑ΂ DEC ̃Iy[eBOVXe) MACRO-10
  (̃AZu)͑̃XO`̂ȂŋD̂D܂ꂽ}V
  ƂĂ܂LɂB

  ̒N PDP-10 ނgpĂA MIT ͏
  Bނ͊S PDP-10 p DEC ̃\tgEFÂāA`̃Iy
  [eBOVXe ITS \zB
  `Incompatible Timesharing System' ̗ł ITS ́Aނ̑ԓxɂƂ
  悭̂Bނ͂̓ƂĖ]񂾁BKȂƂɁA
  MIT ̐lX͎̘ɌmĂBC܂ŁA
  ƕςĂāAXȂĂ̂ ITS ͋PZp
  vV̒SIʂA炭łgꂽ^CVFAOVX
  eƂĂ̋L^ɍXVĂB

  ITS g̓AZuŏĂA ITS vWFNg AI 
   LISP ŏꂽBLISP ͂̎̑̌ɔׂĂ肽܂_
  BA 25 N̍̂قƂǂ̌悭\
  ĂBLISP  }ŃNGCeBuȕ@ł낤Ƃ ITS ̃nb
  J[RɂB ꂪނ̐ɂďdvȗvfƂȂAnb
  J[̍pB̌̂ЂƂƂĎcB

  ITS ̋ZpIn̑́A݂܂݂B炭 EMACS v
  OGfB^͈ԗLȂ̂Bɑ ITS ̓`̓nbJ[
  ̂Ȃɂ܂Ă̂BЂƂ Jargon File
  <http://www.ccil.org/jargon> Ō邱ƂłB

  SAIL (``5'')  CMU (``6'') Ă͂ȂBSAIL  PDP-10 
  ŐnbJ[Wc̒S̎҂ÂɌlgp̃Rs
  [^⍡ window Aicon  mouse ̃\tgEFAC^[tF[X̊J
  ɂďdvlƂȂB CMU ŃnbJ[́AƗpVX
  eHƗp{bg̍ŏ̎pIőK͂ȃAvP[V؂J
  dĂB

  nbJ[̂̏dvȐߓ_ XEROX PARCAȂ킿AL Palo
  Alto Research Center B1970 N̎n߂1980 NɂĂ 10
  NȏAPARC ̓n[hEFÅbƋقǂ̗ʂ̐V\tgEF
  A𐶂ݏoBIȃ}EX windows ă\tgEFAC^[
  tF[X̃ACŘ`ōoꂽBPARC ̓[Uv^⃍
  [JGÃlbg[NݏoBɁAD }V PARC V[
  Y 1980 ÑptȌlpp\R10 N肵ĂB
  s^ɂ̂悤ȗ\҂͎̉Ђł͕]ȂB̌
  ʁAPARC ͒N̂߂ɂ΂炵ACfBAJƂłƂ
  WIȃW[NɂȂĂ܂BnbJ[̍ł̔ނ̐͂
  傫ȂB

  ARPANET  PDP-10 ̕ 1970N㒆Ɨ͋đl
  BEɂIȊ֐SO[v̊ԂŒԂĂ邽
  ߂Ɏg悤ɂȂdq[OXg̎yȋ@\AЉIȂ
  ƂVтɐɎg悤ɂȂBDARPA ͂ɋZpIɂ '
  IłȂ'ړIȓɌ悤ɂȂBX̖ʂ́AႢ̑
  ȐNBRs[^̕Ɉt邽߂ɂ͈㏞łƂ݂
  ĂB

  łL'ЉI' ARPANET [OXg͂Ԃ SF t@̂
   SF-LOVERS XgBۂ̂ƂA ܂݂Ă
  AARPNET ͂傫 'C^[lbg Internet' Ŋ悤
  ȂBACompuServeA GEnie  Prodigy ̂悤Ȃ̂ɋT
  [rXp邱ƂɂȂR~jP[V@̊J҂ƂȂ邻
  ̂̂B

  (-- ()SAILF Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab X^tH[h
  wlHm\{--)

  (-- ()CMUF  Carnegie-Mellon University J[lM[w--)

  3.  Unix ̖u

  A j[W[W[ (New Jersey) (``7'') ̍xOł́A1969 N
  Ă PDP-10 ̓`Ɏđ邱ƂɂȂ鉽ił
  BARPANET aŃAx Ken Thompson  UNIX no
  NłB

  Thompson  ITS Ƌʂ̑c Multics ƌĂ΂ꂽ ^CVFA
  O() OS ̊JƂɎQĂBMultics ̓Iy[eBO
  VXe̕GȕɉBA[U命̃vO}ɑ΂Č
  Ȃ邽߂̊b̂߂̂̂łB̃ACfBǍʁA
  Multics O瑀삷(vO̍쐬)̂ƊȒPɂȂAv
  O~OȊÔdvȎdƂ񂱂Ȃ悤ɂȂB

  x́AMultics (``8'') ɗȂĂ܂̂̒
  n߂ÃvWFNgPނ(̃VXe͂̂
  Honeywell ɂďpIɔꂽ͂Ȃ)BKen Thompson 
  Multics ̊ɖĂ̂ŁÃACfBAƔގg̃ACfB
  A킹̂ATCNiō DEC PDP-7 ŎĂ
  ͂߂B

  Dennis Ritchie Ƃl̃nbJ[ C ƌĂ΂Vn
  ,𐶂܂ꂽ΂ Thompson  UNIX Ŏg悤ɂBUNIX 
  悤ɁAC ͊yނ̂ŁÂł͂ȂAď_
  ̂ƂĐ݌vꂽB xłc[ւ̊֐S܂A1971
  Nɂ͂ƂĂɂȂB̔Nɂ́A Thompson  Ritchie ݂
  ꂪItBXI[g[VVXe(VXe)ƌĂł
  ̂AŎg߂ɍ\ZlBThompson 
  Ritchie ̖ڕW͂Ƒ傫ȂƂɂB

  ]AIy[eBOVXéAzXg}V\Ȍō̔\
  SɈo߂ɂ肵AZuŏĂBThompson
   Ritchie ̓n[hEFAƃRpCZp͏\ɂ悭ȂƂŏ
  ɔF߂B܂ASȃIy[eBOVXe C ŏƂ
  A 1974 Nɂ SȊ`̃̕}Vɂ܂ݒu
  B

  ̂悤ȂƂ͂ȑOɂ͌čsȂƂŁAܒ~[̂
  B UNIX ̈`̃}VœԂœ\͂ő
  ݂邱ƂłȂÂׂĂɑ΂ċʂ̃\tgEFA
  񋟂ł킯łB[U̓}VxɂȂĂ܂тɁA\
  tgEFÅSȐV݌vɒӂ𕥂ȂĂ悭Ȃ̂BnbJ[
  ́A΂Ǝԗւ̓sxĔA}V̊Ԃ
  \tgEFAc[Lbgg܂킷Ƃł̂łB

  ڐÂƈȊOɂAUNIX  C ͕ʂ̏dvȒĂB҂
  "Keep It Simple, Stupid VvȂ܂܂ɂĂÃ}kP"
  (``9'') ƂlŐ݌vꂽBvO} C ̘_Iȍ\
  PɈËLĂƂłB C ȑOȍ~̑̌ł͕s\
  ȂƂŁÂ悤ȌgꍇA}jAQƂKv
  B܂ UNIX ̂PȃvOȂ_ȃc[LbgƂ
  Ă̍\ĂBeX̃vÓA݂ɕ֗ɑgݍ킹邱
  Ƃł悤ɐ݌vĂB

  ̑ǵAɍL͈͂̃Rs[^Ɩɗpł邱Ƃ킩
  A݌v҂ɂ͗\złȂ悤ȗpꂽBȃT|[gvO
  Ăɂ炸AUNIX  C  AT&T ŋ}ɕyB1980
  Nɂ́Ȃw⌤̃Rs[^ɕyAĉl
  nbJ[ UNIX ̃z[OEhƍl悤ɂȂB

   UNIX Ŗ𗧂}V PDP-11 Ƃ̌nɂ VAX ł
  BA UNIX ͍ڐAĂ̂ŁAׂĂ ARPANET ɂ
  ȂĂ}VȂǂȂ̂łA{IȕύXȂĂB
  āAAZug҂͂ȂȂAC vO͂̃}Vɂ
  łɈڐA\łB

  UNIX ɂ͐p̃lbg[N@\BUUCP ̂悤ȊȒPȂ̂
  BᑬŐM͒ႭłBQ UNIX }Vǂ
  悤Ȃ̂łʏ̓dbɂ Q_ (point-to-point) œdq
  [łB̋@\̓IvVƂĂł͂ȂAVXêȂ
  gݓꂽBUNIX TCg͎̃lbg[NO[vA
  ŃnbJ[̓lbg[NƂƂɓoB1980 NɂȂƁA
   USENET TCgԂŁAL͈͂̃j[Xn܂B͋ȓd
  qfƂȂAAPANET }ɑ傫邱ƂɂȂB

  ARPANET ̏ɂ UNIX TCgBӕł PDP-10 
  UNIX oA荇͂߂ĂA͍ŏ̂͏\
  Ȍ𗬂͂ȂBPDP-10 ̃nbJ[̓obN̍肪悤
   LISP  ITS ׂ̈GɔׂƁA UNIX ͂΂΂ق
  nIɌc[gオ҂̌QꂾƂ݂ȂĂB``΂̃i
  CtƌF̖є Stone knives and bearskins!' (``10'') Ɣނ͂Ԃ₢
  B

  R̗ (``11'') ͂܂ȂB 1975N ɂ͂߂ČlpR
  s[^ꂽBApple  1977NɊbł߁A̔NM
  xőOiB^Rs[^̉\炩ɂȂAЂƂ
  ̗L]ȎႢnbJ[܂ЂĂȂB<em>ނ</em>̌
   BASIC łA܂ɌnÎŁAPDP-10 } UNIX t@
  ƂŷɂȂ̂ƍlB

  (-- ()New JerseyFx̓j[W[WB}CqɂBNew
  JerseyxłAX^tH[hwVRo[ł͐݌v
  ̈ӖłgꂽB--)

  (-- ()Multics ɊւāAł when Multics displayed signs of
  bloating into an unusable white elephant ƋLqĂB white
  elephant ͖p̒B܂݌v̂߂ɒH炢ŁAĂ
  ςɂȂB--)

  (-- ()``Keep It Simple, Stupid''F "VvȂ܂܂ɂĂA
  ̃}kP"̓Xk[s[ "PEANUTS"̈pB킴킴GɂKv
  ȂƂӖŎgĂB--)

  (-- ()Stone knives and bearskins!F Star Trek Classic The City
  on the Edge of Forever B݌vŗDĂƂ@
  猩ƁAOeXNȂقǌnIƌRs[^\(Ƃ
  ɂᔻ)̂ɓ`IɎgĂpB(nbJ[Y厫
  TA444)B--)

  (-- ()uR̗v(a third current) first 
  ARPANET/PDP-10Asecond  UNIX/CAthird  PCBR̗Ƃăp[\
  iRs[^oꂵB--)

  4.  Â̂

  ǁA1980 Nɂ́AR݂̕Aꂼ͂̎ӂ̕ŏd
  Ȃ肠ĂAɈeNmW[ɂĂ܂Ƃ߂ꂽB
  ARPANET  PDP-10  LISP AMACROA TOPS-10  ITS ɂĂ
  Ƃ߂AUNIX  C  PDP-11s  VAXen ƕnȓdbɂČт
  ꂽBāA̔MIȃ}CNRs[^t@̃Ai[
  L[ȌQ́ARs[^̔\͂ʂ̐lXɌĉB

  ̂Ȃł ITS ͂܂nʂ咣邱ƂłBA
  ̑Oɉ񂹂ĂBITS ˑĂ PDP-10 ̋Zp͂
  ÂȂĂAꎩ̂ AI Zpp鏉݂̎ɂ
  ĕ􂵂ĂB(SAIL' CMU ̃{܂߂)̗DGȐlނ̂Ȃ
  ́AДɍȎdɈꂽ̂B

  ́̕A1983 NɐB̔NADEC PDP-10 ̌p@̊J~
  APDP-11  VAX V[YɐO邱Ƃ肵BITS ɂ͂▢
  ȂBȂȂ炻͈ڐAȂAVn[hEFAɈڐA
  ́ANɂ񋟂łȂقǔȘJ͂KvBVAX œĂ
  Berkeley  UNIX ō̃nbLOVXe̒nʂlB^R
  s[^}ɐ\コ̂ŁAȑÔׂ̂͂Ĉ|Ă
  ȂǂƒN\ł낤B

  Levy  Hackers ̂͂̔NłBނ̍ŏ̏񋟎҂̂ЂƂ
   Richard M. Stallman (EMACS ̔)BStallman ͎̋Zp
  ̏pɔ΂āAłRĂB

  Stallman (RMS Ƃނ̂當ƃOCl[ŗLȐl)́A Free
  Software Foundation Â悢t[\tgEFA쐬̂ɐ
  OBLevy  RMS 'Ō̐^̃nbJ[' (``12'') Ǝ]AK^
  ɂ͊ԈႢB

  Stallman ̂ƂYȌv 80 N㏉ɃnbJ[̍o
  ̓T^B1982 NAނ C ŏt[œł UNIX ̊S
  ȃN[̍\z͂߂B̂悤 ITS ̐_Ɠ`́AV
  ́A܂AUNIX  VAX 𒆐SƂnbJ[̏dvȕłB

  }CN`bvƃ[Jȃlbg[NZp܂nbJ[̍ɑ傫ȏ
  ^͂߂ĂłBC[TlbgEthernet ƃg[
  Motorola 68000 }CN`bv͋͂ȐݓIgݍ킹ƂȂB
  āAꂼꏊŁA݉X[NXe[VƌĂԂ̂
  ꐢ铮n܂B

  1982 NAo[N[og UNIX nbJ[̃O[v Sun
  Microsystems zBނ UNIX  68000 x[X̔rIȃn[h
  EFÃRrALĂȃAvP[VɂĐ߂邾낤Ƃ
  MOĂBނ͐BĔނ̐挩̖͎YƑŜ
  ΂Č{ɂȂBl̂قƂǂ͂܂肪oȂA[NXe
  [V͉ЂwɂƂĈȂ̂B̂̃lbg
  [N([UɂƂĂ͂ЂƂ)͌Â VAX ₻̑̃^CVFA
  OVXe}ɒuB

  (-- ()``the last true hacker''F Steven Levy unbJ[Yv(Hw
  )pꂽtB--)

  5.  Ɛ Unix ̎

  1984 NɁAUNIX  AT&T ɂĒDA ߂ďiɂȂ
  ́AnbJ[̍ɂłdvȒfẃAlbg[N푰ƃ}CNR
  s[^t@Ƃ̊ԂɂB̒fẃAȂ킿AInternet 
  USENET (قƂǂ UNIX ғĂ~jRs[^邢̓[N
  Xe[VNX̃}VgpĂ)̎ӂɏW܂ĂrI
  ͂̂ 'lbg[N푰" ƁAlbg[NĂȂ}CNR
  s[^t@ZދȖJnƂ̊ԂɂB

  Sun Ƃ̑ɂč\zꂽ[NXe[Ṽ}V̓nbJ[
  ɐVEJB͍@\̃OtBbNXs悤
  \zAlbg[NŋL̃f[^񗗂B1980N㒆nbJ[
  ̓\tgEFAƂ̂悤ȎdlgȂc[グ邢
  ̒ɖɂȂBo[N[ UNIX  ARPANET vgRɊւ
  T|[gJAlbg[NLO̖BāAC
  ^[lbĝȂ鐬𑣂ƂƂȂB

  [NXe[VOtBbN@\Ǘ@ƂĂ݂̎
  BDɂȂ̂̂ЂƂ X Window VXeB̐
  dvȗv́AX ̊J҂nbJ[̗ϗɏ]ĐiŃ\[X
  t[ŋ^悤ƂƁAăC^[lbgłzzł
  ƂBƐ̃OtBbNVXe( ЂƂ Sun ꎩgɂ
  Ē񋟂ꂽ̂܂ł)̏ł X ̏́AUNIX gɑ傫
  eyڂAꂩ̐N̕ω̏dvȂ܂ԂłB

  ITS  UNIX ̊Ԃɂ́Aǂ܂킸ɓ}hIȑΗ݂ ( ITS
  ̃[Û̂啔)BAŌ ITS }V
  1990 Nɐ~BM҂A͂⋏ꏊȂȂA낢
  ȕقƂ UNIX ɓB

  lbg[NꂽnbJ[̍̓łA1980 NAo[N[ UNIX
   AT&T ł̃t@̊Ԃő傫ȍRBȂ͍łf
  X^[EH[Y̎̂悤ȃ|X^[ڂɂ邱ƂłBAT&T ̃
  S^ǂ Death Star яo X EBO̐m`
  |X^[ł邪Bo[N[̃nbJ[͍̂ĂȂƒ
  ɔ΂āAt҂ƂĎg邱ƂD񂾁BAT&T UNIX ͎s
   BSD  Sun ɌĒǂƂ͂ȂAW푈ɏB
  1990 N AT&T  BSD ł̖͑ʂŌ݂̐VZp̗pĂA݂
  ʂ̂͂ȂB

  1990 Nオn܂ƁA80Ñ[NXe[VZp͐Vɓoꂵ
  ɂċn߂ĂBIntel 386 `bvƂ̌n󂯌pŊb
  ÂꂽVAቿiA\̌lpRs[^̓ołB
  ЂƂЂƂ̃nbJ[͂߂āA̍ 10 NÕ~jRs
  [^p[ɕCGۑ\͂𓯒xɎz[}VƂł
  悤ɂȂ̂łBUNIX A\ȊJƃC^[lbg
  񋟂Ă}VłB

  MS-DOS ̐E͂̂悤ȂƂɂׂĂ̖m̂܂܂B̃}CN
  Rs[^̃t@ 'lbg[N'̏dvƑ傫
  d厖̂߂ DOS  Mac nbJ[̐l𑁋}ɑ₵Aނ͌
  ĎŖڊo߂镶ȂBω̑x͑ςɑ̂ŁA
  ̈Zp炿Aėẑ悤ɋ}ɏĂAp
  푰Iȓ`AĐ_b̗j̋ʂ̓`𔭒BmłKi
  肠邱Ƃ͂ȂBɂ܂ނ̓[J BBS (local
  bulletin boards) FIDONET ̂悤ȌʓIɂ͂܂Ȃ
  ݂͕̎ʂƂāAlbg[NȂB

  CompuServe  GEnie ̂悤ȏp̃ICT[rXւ̍L͈͂ȃANZ
  X蒅n߂ĂA UNIXn ̃Iy[eBOVXe͊Jc[
  ɂ͊܂܂ėȂB UNIX  OS ͂قƂǖĂ܂B
  ̂߂ɁAƓIȃnbLO̓`WȂB

  nbJ[̍̎嗬͏pT[rXɊ֐SȂBnbJ[̍Ƃ
  ́AC^[lbg̎ӂőgD(邢͔gD)A UNIX ̋Z
  pIƓꂾƌȂꂽނ͂悢c[~AC^[
  lbgƗp邱Ƃ]݁AāANɂ肪͂̂ŁA
  ̗̂񑩂ꂽ 32-bit PC ]񂾁B

  A\tgEFA͂ǂɂ̂Bp UNIX ނ h
  炸B1990 N̂͂߂ɂ́A̉Ђ PC 
  ̃}Vɑ΂ AT&T  BSD UNIX ̔悤ɂȂB ͐
  Ƃ͌ȂAi͈ȂȂB(Ƃ
  )[ŨIy[eBOVXeŉ\ōĔzz\Ȃ̂𓾂
  ƂłȂB܂ł̃\tgEFArWlX̂肩ł́Anb
  J[]񂾂̂^邱ƂłȂB

  t[\tgEFAcȂBnbJ[ւ RMS (``13'') (Richard
  M.Stallman)̋v񑩂Ăt[ UNIX J[lł HURD 
  1996 N( FSF  UNIX nIy[eBOVXê̑̍ȕ
  ׂĂ1990 Nɂ͒񋟂Ă)܂ŌvłȂB

  (-- ()RMSF Richard M.Stallman ̗LBނ͂قƂǖ{͎g
  B--)

  6.  ̃t[ Unix

  ̂ԂɃwVLẘw Linus Torvalds 荞񂾁B1992
  NAނ̓t[\tgEFAc̃c[LbggāA386}VpɃt
  [ UNIX ̊Jn߂Bނ̍ŏ́AvȐ Linux J邽
  ߂ɔނ鑽̃C^[lbgnbJ[tB Linux ́A
  SɃt[ōĔzz\ȃ\[Xő UNIX łB

  ȂALinux ̍łdvȓF ZpIȂ̂ł͂ȂAЉwI
  Ȃ̂łBLinux J܂ŁAIy[eBOVXê悤
  ȕGȃVXéAł邾O[vŁAIďW߂
  lɂāATdɑgDꂽ@ŊJȂ΂ȂȂƐM
  ĂB̃f́A݂łAp̃\tg 1980 NɊJ
  ꂽ FSF(Free Software Foundation) ̈̑ȃ\tgEFAɓT^IȂ
  łB

  Linux ͊SɈ@ŐBقƂǍŏC^[lbg
  ĂœƂł鐔̃{eBAɂĂނCy
  g܂ꂽBiȊƍٓIȊɂĎێꂽ̂ł͂
  AT[XfpŃVvȕ@ɂĂłBĐ
  ̂ɐS̃[UtB[hobN󂯂邱ƂňێꂽBN
  ƂĂłAŔɂ܂̂łB

  1993 N̏I܂łɁA Linux ͈萫ƐMɂđ̏p UNIX
  ƌׂ悤ɂȂAɑ̃\tgEFA Linux œ삷
  ɂȂB̂悤ȔW̊ԐړIȌʂ̂ЂƂ́Aȏp UNIX ̔
  ̂قƂǂׂĂ܂ƂBJ҂nbJ[ɔȂ
  ̂ŁAނ͓|YBBSD Ƃɂ UNIX ɏ\ȃ\[X񋟂A
  nbJ[̋̂ƖڂȌѕt𓾂邱ƂŐĉB

  nbJ[̍́AxłƗ\ĂȂRāA
  ̃C[Wɂp\tgEFA̐E蒼n߂ĂB

  7.  Web ̑唚

  Linux ̐͑̌ۂNBȂ킿AC^[lbg̈ʐ
  ̔łB1990 N̎n߂ɂ́Aɐhňʂɐڑ𔄂C^[
  lbgvoC_YƂɂȂn߂ĂBWWW(World-Wide Web) ̔
  ȍ~Ałɋ}ɐĂC^[lbǵAɈُȃy[X
  ŉB

  1994 Nɂ́A o[N[ UNIX JO[v͐ɏINɂ́A
  ̈قȂł̃t[ UNIX ( Linux 4.4BSD Ƃɂ
  ̂)nbLȌdvȏœ_ƂȂAʂɒ񋟂ꂽB
  Linux CD-ROM ŏpIɔzzAƂĂ悭ĂB1995 N̏I
  ɂ͎vȃRs[^Ђ͔hȍLŁAЂ̃\tgEFAn[h
  EFAƃC^[lbgƂ̑ǂ悤ɂȂB

  1990 N̏Iɂ́AnbJ[̍̒SIȊ Linux ̊JƃC
  ^[lbg̊głBWWW ͂ɃC^[lbg}XfBA
  A1980 N̑̃nbJ[1990N㏉̃nbJ[́A
  ́AOɃT[rX񋟂C^[lbgT[rXvoC_^p
  B

  C^[lbgg債ĂƁAnbJ[͑̕h͂߁AI
  e͂悤ɂȂB1994N 1995NAnbJ[̍s`
  {̃Rg[̂Ƃ ÍƂ Clipper @
  (``14'') ł󂵂B 1996NAnbJ[ "Communications Decency
  Act" łj邽߂ɍL͈͂̏W܂WAC^[lbǧ{h
  ~ĂB

  ܂╶Ŝ́AC^[lbgƃRs[^ZpQPI̎Љ
  IɕÂ邾낤ƔF߂ĂBƓ`ƑԓxׂẴnbJ[
  ̉̕lς̓C^[lbgZpƂƂɌ̎qւ̕IY
  ̈ꕔɂȂĂ̂łBnbJ[ɂƂĖ͖邢B

  Eric S. Raymond esr@thyrsus.com

  (-- ()Clipper(Clipper Chips)FAJO{p@
  ƂÍ--)

  8.  {ɂ

  {ɂĂ̖₢킹
  jeanne@mbox.kyoto-inet.or.jp

  { Linux-JF vWFNg̎̕X瑽̂𒸂܂
  B

  Hiro Sugawara  hiro@arkusa.com
  x]  shorie@ibm.net
    mizuhara@st.rim.or.jp
  X{  morimoto@marib.imagica.co.jp
  K  juk@rccm.co.jp
  삳  nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp
    kojima@criepi.denken.or.jp

  FJG jeanne@mbox.kyoto-inet.or.jp
  1997/10/27

  (sgml conversion: y.senda, ysenda@pop01.odn.ne.jp, 2001/10/06)

